Design
Definition of Instructional Design
Instructional design is a systematic approach to maximizing the learning process by employing the main components of instructional design models and effectively delivering learning objectives (Piskurich, 2015).
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Based on my comprehension of instructional design, it is the systematic process of instructional development for specific goals and objectives based on learning theories and design models to develop effective content to support the acquisition of new skills and knowledge.
ADDIE Model
The ADDIE is a learning development model employed by instructional designers and training curriculum developers. The model is composed of five essential phases, including analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation to develop effective instruction (Quigley, 2019).
Analysis:
In the phase of analysis, the instructional goal is to focus on the needs of the target audience and the resources to be implemented during the instruction. It is necessary to identify the problem and determine what the target audience needs to know or be able to do in order to design the desired outcomes of the course.
Design:
During the design phase, it can be divided into three parts. First, the designer will create an outline of specific learning objectives for the instruction. Second, the designer will create an outline of learning activities to help learners achieve the instructional goals identified during the analysis phase to support instructional goals. Finally, instructional assessments should be aligned with learning objectives.
Development:
The outline created during the design phase will provide an overall structure for the development stage. The designer will utilize information from the previous phases to create instructional content that can be conveyed to the target audience. To effectively develop this phase, all the learning resources need to be prepared, such as storyboards or supporting media, to develop the program.
Implementation:
The instructional content is delivered during the implementation phase. The designer prepares learners by administering the course, going over the curriculum, conducting assessments, and requesting feedback from learners. By receiving feedback from the learners, the designer can assess learners' concerns or inquiries.
Evaluation:
In the evaluation phase, direct feedback and information from the learners and organization to evaluate whether the course is successful or not. The information can be reviewed, revised, and improved for further courses or training. This is also to determine if there are any knowledge gaps among the learners that need to be addressed.
Dick and Carey Model
Dick and Carey Model known as System Approach Model, includes 9 phases to emphasize the interrelationship between context, content, learning, and instruction (Dick, Carey, & Carey, 2015). Dick and Carey model is similar to the ADDIE model to plan and develop effective learning initiatives and focus more on design to build iterative developments by providing ongoing revision of the instruction.
1. Identify instructional goals:
Determine what learners can do at the end of instruction.
2. Conduct instructional analysis
Based on the skills and knowledge required,
identify the steps of what the learner will do to achieve the goal
3. Identify Entry Behavior:
Identify learners' current skills, prior knowledge, attitude toward
the content, and preferences of the instructional setting.
4. Write performance objectives:
Specify what the learner is able to do based on the statement of
skills, conditions, and criteria to be learned.
5. Develop criterion-referenced test:
Develop assessment tools that align with performance goals
6. Develop an instructional strategy
Develop strategies for pre-teaching activities, information
presentations, learner engagement, and ongoing activities.
7. Develop and select instructional materials
Use instructional strategies to generate instruction based on the
appropriate medium
8. Develop & conduct formative evaluation
Collecting data and information to improve instruction through
interviews, discussions, or quizzes.
9. Develop & conduct summative evaluation
Conduct a final assessment to identify if the instruction works
and achieves the desired outcome.
10. Revise instrcution
Apply the information from formative evaluation to measure
the efficacy of the instruction and revise properly.
Successive Approximation Model (SAM)
SAM model is an agile iterative process to design effective instruction through team collaboration. There are two versions of the model that employ a recursive process to develop the course. SAM1 is usually for a smaller project, including, design, evolution, and development. SAM2 is for a larger project, which includes three phases, preparation, iterative design, and iterative development. The term iterative is a keyword to emphasize repeating and revising of the process.
SAM1 begins with the loop including the analysis, design, and evaluation to create a rapid prototype. Based on the feedback and discussion, the prototype can be examined, and the loops can repeat multiple times to develop the simple project.
Images from:
https://community.articulate.com/articles/an-introduction-to-sam-for-instructional-designers
1. Preparation phase: begin to gather all the information, and concepts based on different courses. In the Savvy start, it encourages brainstorming, sketching, and prototyping and let those who benefit to develop the course get involved, advisors, colleagues, and students.
2. Iterative Design phase: It is a design prototype evaluation loop. The team will collaborate and refine the prototype to provide solid feedback.
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3. Iterative development phase: It develops prototyping proofs into effective instructional models by utilizing loops until reaching the goal and final refined product.
Reflection
Instructional design and technology is an interesting field. It inspires me to have the goal to become an instructional designer. By learning diverse models, I realized that they can help me to create my course effectively and systematically convey the content to my students. Before I joined the program, I might randomly put the materials together. After learning the models, I understand how important to analyze the needs of the learners and create a systematic course for them. I could receive feedback from them and revise next time. It can help me to improve my course content and provide an even better learning environment for learners.
References
Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. O. (2015).The systematic design of instruction (8th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Piskurich, G. (2015). Rapid Instructional Design: Learning ID Fast and Right. (3rd ed.).
Quigley, E. (2019). ADDIE: 5 steps to effective training​. LearnUpon Blog. Retrieve
Rimmer, T. (2016). An introduction to SAM for instructional designers. E-learning Heroes. Retrieved from:
https://community.articulate.com/articles/an-introduction-to-sam-for-instructional-designers
Twowp. (2021, August 2). The Dick and carey instructional design model. The World of Work Project. Retrieved October
23, 2022, from https://worldofwork.io/2019/08/dick-carey-instructional-design-model/